The rise of monotheistic religions marks a significant shift in mentality, contrasting the ancient belief in multiple legitimate gods, which shaped the cultural landscape of the Roman Empire. Before 300 AD, Romans practiced a form of pagan polytheism where multiple gods were worshipped without a central religious authority, making religion an auxiliary aspect of life rather than a driving force.

The Romans were very into ritual and sacrifice, taking their religious practices seriously as part of their identity.

The conflict between Romans and Christians arose from differing views on loyalty to the emperor, where Romans saw it as a patriotic act to pray for the emperor, while Christians viewed it as worshiping another god.

Rome's success can be attributed to its ability to integrate conquered peoples and ideas, often granting them a degree of Roman citizenship.

Gladiatorial games and chariot races in Rome were initially religious rituals, honoring various gods, before evolving into popular entertainment.

The transition to monotheistic religions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam shifted the focus of religion to a central role in decision-making and personal identity, contrasting with the earlier Roman polytheistic practices.

The Romans would often take the sons of conquered tribal leaders, raise them as Romans, and incorporate them into their society, turning enemies into allies. As early as the second century AD, Roman emperors and senators began to come from provinces like Spain and North Africa, rather than just Italy.

The Roman Empire's strength lay in its openness to incorporating foreigners, making them want to be part of the empire and work for it.

Christianity's appeal to ordinary Romans included the promise of an afterlife, a sense of equal value among all people regardless of status, and the community's commitment to good works, such as caring for the sick and poor.