Alexander the Great was successful due to his combination of skill, charisma, and the inherited military system from his father, Philip II, which included the effective use of a mixed army.

The Roman Empire lasted longer than Alexander's because it established a structured system of governance and integration of conquered peoples, unlike Alexander's empire, which fragmented after his death.

Augustus is seen as a model for rulers throughout history, representing both a positive and negative legacy, as many aspire to emulate his power and success, similar to how Alexander the Great is viewed.

Octavian's political savvy and ability to manipulate public perception allowed him to defeat rivals like Mark Antony, portraying them as threats to Rome.

Octavian, Caesar's grandnephew, emerged as a key player in the power struggle following Caesar's assassination, eventually becoming the first emperor of Rome.

The Roman Empire's succession problem was a significant failure of Augustus, who relied on heredity for leadership, leading to a series of incompetent rulers until a shift towards selecting qualified successors emerged.

Octavian's modest lifestyle and respect for the Senate helped him maintain power without appearing as a tyrant, contrasting with Caesar's arrogance.

Decisive battles can cause immediate changes in political structures, such as Alexander's victory over Darius III at the Battle of Gaugamela, which shifted control from the Persians to the Macedonians.

Political leaders in ancient Rome were also military leaders, expected to lead their armies into battle and demonstrate their commitment to the society they governed.