Jesus was born during the rule of Emperor Augustus, a time when influential political and religious figures coexisted, which is significant in understanding the historical context of early Christianity.

The titles of rulers like Czars in Russia and the term 'Emperor' derive from Augustus, illustrating his lasting influence on political nomenclature and authority.

Augustus, as the first emperor of Rome, established a political system that would influence countless later empires and shape global history. He oversees the transition from the Roman Republic to the Empire, setting a template that future emperors follow for the next 500 to 1500 years, as they all aspire to be like him, adopting his titles such as 'Caesar Augustus' and 'Imperator'.

Octavian, Caesar's grandnephew, emerged as a key player in the power struggle following Caesar's assassination, eventually becoming the first emperor of Rome.

Augustus becomes the paradigm of a good ruler, embodying the idea of an absolute ruler who does good things, such as building public works, which influences rulers for centuries.

Constantine founded a new capital at Byzantium, which he named Constantinople, making it the dominant city of the Roman Empire.

Augustus is seen as a model for rulers throughout history, representing both a positive and negative legacy, as many aspire to emulate his power and success, similar to how Alexander the Great is viewed.

The question of when the Roman Empire fell is complex, with various dates proposed, including 476 AD when Romulus Augustulus was deposed, but the Eastern Empire continued to exist long after.

The crisis of the 3rd century saw multiple generals declaring themselves emperor, leading to civil wars and vulnerabilities that allowed barbarian invasions.