The Romans did not have kings anymore after they expelled the last king in 509 BC, which was a significant shift in their political ideology.

The aristocrats in Rome became increasingly dissatisfied as power became concentrated in a smaller subset of their class, leading to feelings of exclusion.

The late Roman Republic, from 133 to 31 BC, was marked by constant internal conflict and civil wars due to the unequal distribution of wealth and power.

The decline of the Roman Republic was marked by internal political rivalries that escalated after the Punic Wars, leading to a breakdown of elite consensus and increased civil strife.

The Roman Republic lasted for 500 years, enduring significant upheaval, but eventually transformed into an authoritarian military dictatorship after internal conflicts.

The Roman Republic's success led to widespread unhappiness among various groups in society, creating a boiling pot of resentment despite its wealth and expansion.

The Roman Empire's succession problem was a significant failure of Augustus, who relied on heredity for leadership, leading to a series of incompetent rulers until a shift towards selecting qualified successors emerged.

Augustus frames his rise to power as a refounding of the Roman Republic, skillfully using propaganda to present himself as a defender of liberty rather than a king.

Caesar's ambition and disregard for traditional Republican values contributed to the resentment that ultimately led to his downfall.