The Roman Republic was characterized by a system of job rotation and assemblies, allowing citizens to participate in governance for about 500 years after the kings were expelled.

The late Roman Republic, from 133 to 31 BC, was marked by constant internal conflict and civil wars due to the unequal distribution of wealth and power.

The decline of the Roman Republic was marked by internal political rivalries that escalated after the Punic Wars, leading to a breakdown of elite consensus and increased civil strife.

Roman history is conventionally divided into three periods: the monarchy (753-509 BC), the Republic (509-27 BC), and the Empire (27 BC-5th century AD).

The Roman military was a massive force of half a million people, integrating foreigners and turning them into Romans over time.

Roman law, starting with the Twelve Tables, is one of the most significant legacies of the Roman Republic, influencing legal systems worldwide today.

The Roman Empire lasted longer than Alexander's because it established a structured system of governance and integration of conquered peoples, unlike Alexander's empire, which fragmented after his death.

Economic inequality in the late Roman Republic led to social stress, as small landholders were pushed out by wealthy elites, affecting military recruitment and societal stability.

During the late Republic, the Roman army primarily consisted of indigenous Italians, with the expansion of auxiliaries occurring later in the empire.