The late Roman Republic, from 133 to 31 BC, was marked by constant internal conflict and civil wars due to the unequal distribution of wealth and power.

The Roman Republic lasted for 500 years, enduring significant upheaval, but eventually transformed into an authoritarian military dictatorship after internal conflicts.

The Roman Republic was characterized by a system of job rotation and assemblies, allowing citizens to participate in governance for about 500 years after the kings were expelled.

Roman law, starting with the Twelve Tables, is one of the most significant legacies of the Roman Republic, influencing legal systems worldwide today.

The high point of the Roman Empire is often marked by the period of the five good emperors, who ruled wisely and promoted stability, contrasting with the chaotic succession that followed.

The question of when the Roman Empire fell is complex, with various dates proposed, including 476 AD when Romulus Augustulus was deposed, but the Eastern Empire continued to exist long after.

The Romans would often take the sons of conquered tribal leaders, raise them as Romans, and incorporate them into their society, turning enemies into allies. As early as the second century AD, Roman emperors and senators began to come from provinces like Spain and North Africa, rather than just Italy.

The Romans did not have kings anymore after they expelled the last king in 509 BC, which was a significant shift in their political ideology.

Augustus, as the first emperor of Rome, established a political system that would influence countless later empires and shape global history. He oversees the transition from the Roman Republic to the Empire, setting a template that future emperors follow for the next 500 to 1500 years, as they all aspire to be like him, adopting his titles such as 'Caesar Augustus' and 'Imperator'.