We need to establish a self-sustaining city on Mars, but currently, no amount of money could get you a ticket to Mars; we need to reduce costs significantly.

The current cost to send one ton to Mars is about a billion dollars, which is too expensive for a self-sustaining civilization.

A Mars city must be able to survive independently if spaceships from Earth stop coming, which means it needs all critical resources.

The biggest challenge in building a civilization on Mars is getting a large number of people there who may choose to stay permanently.

I think the odds of establishing a self-sustaining Mars colony are pretty good, and I believe this can be accomplished in about 10 years, maybe sooner.

To terraform Mars, we need to raise its temperature by 6 degrees, which could trigger a self-fulfilling cycle of melting polar ice caps and releasing water vapor.

To become a space-faring civilization, we must solve the problem of rocket reusability, as all other modes of transport are reusable.

To be a multi-planetary species, we must ensure that we can return to Mars regularly, not just leave flags and footprints like we did on the Moon.

The next big step is to get people to Mars and become a space-faring civilization.