The best case for landing a human on Mars is about 5 years, while the worst case is around 10 years, depending on engineering challenges.

I believe we will likely see humans on Mars in the 2030s, as there are no physics-based reasons preventing it, only engineering challenges.

To create a self-sustaining city on Mars, we need to improve the cost of transportation by at least a factor of a thousand.

I believe there's a good chance that a very capable AI system will emerge between four and 19 years from now, which is sooner than my previous estimate of 20 years.

We need to establish a self-sustaining city on Mars, but currently, no amount of money could get you a ticket to Mars; we need to reduce costs significantly.

The next big step is to get people to Mars and become a space-faring civilization.

I believe that the future will see unimaginable superintelligence in 10 to 20 years, unless something goes hugely wrong.

A Mars city must be able to survive independently if spaceships from Earth stop coming, which means it needs all critical resources.

The biggest challenge in building a civilization on Mars is getting a large number of people there who may choose to stay permanently.