I think the odds of establishing a self-sustaining Mars colony are pretty good, and I believe this can be accomplished in about 10 years, maybe sooner.

I believe we will likely see humans on Mars in the 2030s, as there are no physics-based reasons preventing it, only engineering challenges.

The biggest challenge in building a civilization on Mars is getting a large number of people there who may choose to stay permanently.

To create a self-sustaining city on Mars, we need to improve the cost of transportation by at least a factor of a thousand.

Humanoid robots are the dream, and while we've faced mechanical engineering challenges, I believe we'll achieve significant advancements in this area within the next 5 to 10 years.

A Mars city must be able to survive independently if spaceships from Earth stop coming, which means it needs all critical resources.

To be a multi-planetary species, we must ensure that we can return to Mars regularly, not just leave flags and footprints like we did on the Moon.

We need to establish a self-sustaining city on Mars, but currently, no amount of money could get you a ticket to Mars; we need to reduce costs significantly.

The next big step is to get people to Mars and become a space-faring civilization.