The history of innovation and technology reveals that many valuable innovations do not reward their inventors financially.

The structure of competition in industries often prevents innovators from making money, despite creating significant value for society.

We've seen significant innovation in the realm of computers and information technology, but not as much in physical industries like energy and medicine.

A history of failure in certain industries discourages innovation, while success in software encourages more people to enter that field, creating a cycle of innovation.

While there is a mix of local innovation and the application of successful models to new markets, the creativity in startup applications has not diminished during the pandemic.

There's a lot of innovation in the biomedical field that isn't covered by patents, which can hinder the development of beneficial treatments. For example, mannose, a sugar that may have potential as an onco-treatment, lacks funding because it cannot be patented.

Scientists often believe they will be rewarded for their inventions, but the reality is that they frequently do not capture any financial value from their work.

People often overlook the benefits of innovation by focusing solely on existing problems, which can hinder progress and optimism.

In the last 250 years, only a few categories of businesses have successfully created new things and made money, often due to their monopolistic structures.