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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

Software is fundamentally changing again, marking a significant shift in how we interact with technology.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

We've entered the era of 'Software 3.0,' where large language models (LLMs) serve as a new kind of computer, programmed in English.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

The programming paradigm is evolving; now, prompts for LLMs are written in English, making software development more accessible.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

LLMs are becoming the primary consumers and manipulators of digital information, necessitating a shift in how we design software.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

Large Language Models (LLMs) function like a new operating system, being developed by labs and distributed like utilities, reminiscent of computing in the 1960s.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

As LLMs evolve, they are increasingly seen as complex operating systems rather than simple utilities, shaping a new software ecosystem.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

The current landscape of LLMs resembles the computing environment of the 1960s, where centralized systems dominate due to high costs.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

The unique aspect of LLMs is that they are not just tools for corporations and governments; they are accessible to everyone, democratizing technology.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

LLMs exhibit a kind of emergent psychology, acting as 'people spirits' that can be both superhuman and fallible, prompting us to consider how to work productively with them.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

LLMs can be seen as 'people spirits,' simulating human-like behavior and psychology, which allows us to work productively alongside them.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

LLMs exhibit both superhuman capabilities and cognitive deficits, making it essential to understand their limitations while leveraging their strengths.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

LLMs can build partially autonomous products, enhancing accessibility in software development by allowing programming in English.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

The emergence of partial autonomy apps, like Cursor, illustrates how LLMs can enhance traditional software interfaces by managing context and orchestrating multiple calls. Software is fundamentally changing again, as we enter the era of 'Software 3.0,' where natural language becomes the new programming interface.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

The autonomy slider in software allows users to control the level of autonomy given to LLMs, enabling varying degrees of interaction with the code.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

Incorporating GUIs in AI-assisted coding allows humans to audit the work of fallible systems and speeds up the verification process.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

We need to keep AI on a leash, as over-reliance on AI agents can lead to issues like introducing bugs or security vulnerabilities.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

Vibe coding is a new approach that democratizes software development, allowing anyone who speaks natural language to create software.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

LLMs are becoming the primary consumers and manipulators of digital information, which means we need to design software that caters to these agents.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

The future of software development will involve rewriting a significant amount of code, with LLMs acting as utilities and operating systems.

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Andrej Karpathy

06/19/25

@ Y Combinator

We need to adjust our infrastructure to effectively work with LLMs, as they are fallible systems that require careful integration.

Andrej Karpathy: Software Is Changing (Again)

Takeaways